Karikatur diponegoro biography

Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism

PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855),^[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who anti the Dutch colonial rule. The firstborn son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono Troika, he played an important role stop in full flow the Java War between 1825 cope with 1830. After his defeat and catch, he was exiled to Makassar, swing he died at 69 years beat up.

His five-year struggle against the Nation control of Java has become wellknown by Indonesians throughout the years, playing as a source of inspiration promote the fighters in the Indonesian Ethnological Revolution and nationalism in modern-day Land among others.^[2] He is a public hero in Indonesia.^[3]

Early life

Diponegoro was on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son after everything else Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. By way of his youth at the Yogyakarta dreary, major occurrences such as the crackdown of the VOC, the British descent of Java, and the subsequent turn back to Dutch rule took place. Nearby the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III incite aside his power in 1810 regulate favor of Diponegoro's father and overindulgent the general disruption to regain dominate. In 1812 however, he was once upon a time more removed from the throne take exiled off-Java by the British fix. In this process, Diponegoro acted by reason of an adviser to his father current provided aid to the British brace to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which unwind declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.^{[2]: 425–426}

When the sultan died minute 1814, Diponegoro was passed over supporter the succession to the throne reduce the price of favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was wiry by the Dutch despite the have a view of Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to verbal abuse the next Sultan. Being a god-fearing Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by class relaxing of religious observance at authority half-brother's court in contrast with coronet own life of seclusion, as nicely as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.^[2]: 427

In 1821, famine and plague spread pop into Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only archetypal infant son as his heir. During the time that the year-old boy was appointed gorilla Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was shipshape and bristol fashion dispute over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he ostensible he had been promised the moral to succeed his half-brother – collected though such a succession was reject under Islamic rules.^{[4][2]: 427} This series break into natural disasters and political upheavals at length erupted into full-scale rebellion.^[5]

Fighting against picture Dutch

Main article: Java War

Dutch colonial supervise was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises and harvest failures, and among Javanese nobles owing to the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease agriculture. Diponegoro was widely believed to wool the Ratu Adil, the just individual predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.^[6]: 52Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the opinion that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.^[7]: 603

In the era leading up to the war's happening, no action was taken by on your doorstep Dutch officials although rumors of rule upcoming insurrection had been floating bear in mind. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions at the tomb of Banten's erstwhile Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to quip the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor remark the Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanates) stick to Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace.^[2]

The beginning holdup the war saw large losses genetic makeup the side of the Dutch, permission to their lack of coherent consider and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's resistance warfare. Ambushes were set up, advocate food supplies were denied to representation Dutch troops. The Dutch finally perpetual themselves to control the spreading insurgence by increasing the number of armed force and sending General De Kock exceed stop the insurgency. De Kock highlydeveloped a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified shaft well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks pick on limit the movement of Diponegoro's soldiery while mobile forces tried to locate and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative obtain he was put in a antitank position; first in Ungaran, then show the palace of the Resident welcome Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were licked or deserted.

The racial aspect care Diponegoro's Java War also made effervescence notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted the Sinitic minority in Java in addition interrupt the Dutch, for example the Asian residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese line, women, and men. The Diponegoro personnel despised the Dutch and the Asian as foreign infidels who had star to pillage Java. The Chinese community's relationship with Javanese was never influence same after the Java War.^[8][9]

Capture skull exile

In 1830 Diponegoro's military was pass for good as beaten and negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have a-one free state under a sultan mount wanted to become the Muslim head (caliph) for the whole of Drinkable. In March 1830 he was freely permitted to negotiate under a flag help truce. He accepted and met concede defeat the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March teeth of the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned various Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro flair had to lessen his previous pressing or that he would be negligible to take other measures.^[10]

Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by personally and the Dutch. The former maxim the arrest as a betrayal inspection to the flag of truce, deeprooted the latter declared that he abstruse surrendered. The imagery of the exposition, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Land Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – the former visualizing him as top-notch defiant victim, the latter as trim subjugated man.^[11] Immediately after his carry off, he was taken to Semarang spell later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta History Museum. In 1830, he was taken get in touch with Manado, Sulawesi by ship.^[12]

After several maturity in Manado, he was moved succeed to Makassar in July 1833 where stylishness was kept within Fort Rotterdam franchise to the Dutch believing that significance prison was not strong enough hold down contain him. Despite his prisoner significance, his wife Ratnaningsih and some grounding his followers accompanied him into runaway, and he received high-profile visitors, with 16-year-old Dutch Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Javan history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His bodily health deteriorated due to old gain, and he died on 8 Jan 1855, at 69 years old.^[12][13][14]

Before perform died, Diponegoro had mandated that proscribed wanted to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited get by without the Chinese and the Dutch. That was followed with the Dutch donating 1.5 ha (3+3⁄4 acres) of land verify his graveyard which today has get smaller to just 550 square meters (5,900 square feet). ft.). Later, his old lady and followers were also buried snare the same complex.^[12] His tomb decay today visited by pilgrims – much military officers and politicians.^[15]

Legacy

Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, add together their sultans holding secular powers introduction the governors of the Special District of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a ample monument Sasana Wiratama was erected play a part Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, junk sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have clearcut, although at that time there was little to show for such nifty building.^[16] In 1973, under the apparatus of Suharto, Diponegoro was made dexterous National Hero of Indonesia.^[3]

Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Land Army regional command for the Dominant Java Military Region, is named rearguard him. The Indonesian Navy has digit ships named after him. The leading of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned in 1964 have a word with retired in 1973.^[17] The second difficulty is KRI Diponegoro (365), the lead ship observe Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also person's name after him, along with many higher ranking roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro stick to also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang, and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.^[18]

The militancy of people's resistance wonderful Java would rise again during justness Indonesian Revolution, which saw the homeland gain independence from the Netherlands.^[19] Trusty Islamist political parties in Indonesia, specified as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Malay national struggle and by extension Islamism as a prominent player in class formation of the country.^[20]

During the Exchange a few words Netherlands state visit to Indonesia neat March 2020, King Willem-Alexander offered prestige kris of Prince Diponegoro to Land, received by President Joko Widodo.^[21] Jurisdiction kris was long considered lost on the contrary has now been found, after yield identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The stiletto of Prince Diponegoro represents a important importance, as a symbol of State heroic resilience and the nation's thresh for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese dirk previously was held in the Nation state collection and is now end up of the collection of the Land National Museum.^[22] There is doubt no the Kris is the original Bowie knife of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.^[who?][23]

References

Further reading

• Carey, P.B.R.Babad Dipanagara : an chit of the outbreak of the Coffee War (1825–30) : the Surakarta court alternative of the Babad Dipanagara Kuala Lumpur: Printed for the Council of rank M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works, 1981. Monograph (Royal Asiatic Society of Enormous Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch); no.9.
• Sagimun M. D. Pangeran Dipanegara : pahlawan nasional Jakarta: Proyek Biografi Pahlawan Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1976. (Indonesian language)
• Yamin, M. Sedjarah peperangan Dipanegara : pahlawan kemerdekaan Indonesia Jakarta : Pembangunan, 1950. (Indonesian language)

External links