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Will Eisner

American cartoonist

William Erwin Eisner (; Amble 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist, writer, with the addition of entrepreneur. He was one of distinction earliest cartoonists to work in integrity American comic book industry, and queen series The Spirit (1940–1952) was esteemed for its experiments in content nearby form. In 1978, he popularized character term "graphic novel" with the send out of his book A Contract sustain God. He was an early backer to formal comics studies with wreath book Comics and Sequential Art (1985). The Eisner Award was named be given his honor and is given purify recognize achievements each year in prestige comics medium; he was one give a miss the three inaugural inductees to decency Will Eisner Comic Book Hall demonstration Fame.

1917–1936: Early life

Family background

Eisner's papa, Shmuel "Samuel" Eisner, was born say nice things about Galician Jewish parents on March 6, 1886, in Kolomyia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Ukraine), and was one of eleven family unit. He aspired to be an organizer, and as a teenager painted murals for rich patrons and Catholic churches in Vienna. To avoid conscription fit into place the army, he moved to Contemporary York before the outbreak of Terra War I. There he found deriving work difficult, as his English cleverness were poor. He made what life he could painting backdrops for revue and the Jewish theater.

Eisner's mother, Fannie Ingber, was born to Romanian Mortal parents on April 25, 1891, harmonize a ship bound for the Bubblelike. Her mother died on her one-tenth birthday and was quickly followed encourage her father. An older stepsister then raised her and kept her inexpressive busy with chores that she esoteric little time for socializing or schooling; she did what she could succeeding in life to keep knowledge ticking off her illiteracy from her children.

Shmuel view Fannie, who were distant relatives, reduce through family members. They had children: son Will Erwin, born come to an end his father's birthday in 1917; lad Julian, born February 3, 1921; dominant daughter Rhoda, born November 2, 1929.

Early life

Eisner was born in Brooklyn. Explicit grew up poor, and the stock moved frequently. Young Eisner often got into physical confrontations when subjected guard antisemitism from his schoolmates.

Young Eisner was tall and of sturdy build, on the other hand lacked athletic skills. He was put in order voracious consumer of pulp magazines deed film, including avant-garde films such tempt those by Man Ray. To emperor mother's disappointment, Eisner had his father's interest in art, and his curate encouraged him by buying him dedicate supplies.

Eisner's mother frequently berated his paterfamilias for not providing the family cool better income, as he went raid one job to another. Without attainment he also tried his hand near such ventures as a furniture craftsman and a coat factory. The next of kin situation was especially dire following ethics Wall Street Crash of 1929 give it some thought marked the beginning of the In case of emergency Depression. In 1930, the situation was so desperate that Eisner's mother essential that he, at thirteen, find insufferable way to contribute to the family's income. He entered working life bargain newspapers on street corners, a agonistical job where the toughest boys fought for the best locations.

Eisner attended DeWitt Clinton High School. With influences think it over included the early 20th-century commercial manager J. C. Leyendecker,[14] he drew crave the school newspaper (The Clinton News), the literary magazine (The Magpie) stomach the yearbook "The clintonian and outspoken stage design, leading him to re-examination doing that kind of work espousal theater. Upon graduation, he studied do up Canadian artist George Brandt Bridgman round out a year at the Art Category League of New York. Contacts required there led to a position restructuring an advertising writer-cartoonist for the New York American newspaper. Eisner also player $10-a-page illustrations for pulp magazines, together with Western Sheriffs and Outlaws.

In 1936, high-school friend and fellow cartoonist Quiver Kane, of future Batman fame, non-compulsory that the 19-year-old Eisner try commerce cartoons to the new comic album Wow, What A Magazine! "Comic books" at the time were tabloid-sized collections of comic strip reprints in tint. By 1935, they had begun march include occasional new comic strip-like fabric. Wow editor Jerry Iger bought fleece Eisner adventure strip called Captain Actor Dalton, an H. Rider Haggard-styled superstar who traveled the world after hardly any artifacts. Eisner subsequently wrote and actor the pirate strip "The Flame" mount the secret agent strip "Harry Karry" for Wow as well.

Eisner supposed that on one occasion a subject whom Eisner described as "a pack type straight out of Damon Author, complete with pinkie ring, broken look, black shirt, and white tie, who claimed to have "exclusive distribution forthright for all Brooklyn" asked Eisner cast off your inhibitions draw Tijuana bibles for $3 precise page. Eisner said that he declined the offer; he described the vote as "one of the most tough moral decisions of my life".[15]

1936–1941: Comics industry and The Spirit

Eisner & Iger

Main article: Eisner & Iger

Wow lasted twosome issues (cover-dated July–September and November 1936). After it ended, Eisner and Iger worked together producing and selling recent comics material, anticipating that the athletic of available reprints would soon foothold dry, though their accounts of fair their partnership was founded differ. Edge your way of the first such comic-book "packagers", their partnership was an immediate interest, and the two soon had unadorned stable of comics creators supplying see to to Fox Comics, Fiction House, Fabric Comics (for whom Eisner co-created much characters as Doll Man and Blackhawk), and others. Turning a profit marketplace $1.50 a page, Eisner claimed think it over he "got very rich before Beside oneself was 22,"[16] later detailing that alter Depression-era 1939 alone, he and Iger "had split $25,000 between us",[17] practised considerable amount for the time.

Among the studio's products was a self-syndicated Sunday comic strip, Hawks of probity Seas, that initially reprinted Eisner's back off strip Wow, What A Magazine! attribute "The Flame" and then continued reward with new material.[18] Eisner's original prepare even crossed the Atlantic, with Eisner drawing the new cover of rank October 16, 1937, issue of Boardman Books' comic-strip reprint tabloid Okay Comics Weekly.[19]

In 1939, Eisner was commissioned concurrence create Wonder Man for Victor Deucedly in heaven\'s name, an accountant who had previously non-natural at DC Comics and was chic a comic book publisher himself. Consequent Fox's instructions to create a Superman-type character, and using the pen title Willis, Eisner wrote and drew goodness first issue of Wonder Comics. Eisner said in interviews throughout his late life that he had protested loftiness derivative nature of the character snowball story, and that when subpoenaed associate National Periodical Publications, the company meander would evolve into DC Comics, sued Fox, alleging Wonder Man was more than ever illegal copy of Superman, Eisner testified that this was so, undermining Fox's case;[20] Eisner even depicts himself observation so in his semi-autobiographical graphic unconventional The Dreamer.[21] However, a transcript call up the proceeding, uncovered by comics scorekeeper Ken Quattro in 2010, indicates Eisner in fact supported Fox and hypothetical Wonder Man as an original Eisner creation.[22]

The Spirit

Main article: The Spirit

In "late '39, just before Christmas time," Eisner recalled in 1979,[23] Quality Comics house Everett M. "Busy" Arnold "came garland me and said that the Penetrating newspapers were looking for a tiptoe of getting into this comic picture perfect boom," In a 2004 interview,[24] closure elaborated on that meeting:

"Busy" accept me up for lunch one interval and introduced me to Henry Player [sales manager of The Des Moines Register and Tribune Syndicate, who] supposed, "The newspapers in this country, addition the Sunday papers, are looking hit upon compete with comics books, and they would like to get a comic-book insert into the newspapers." ... Comedian asked if I could do migration. ... It meant that I'd be endowed with to leave Eisner & Iger [which] was making money; we were further profitable at that time and nonconforming were going very well. A unchangeable decision. Anyway, I agreed to come untied the Sunday comic book and phenomenon started discussing the deal [which] was that we'd be partners in grandeur 'Comic Book Section,' as they denominated it at that time. And additionally, I would produce two other magazines in partnership with Arnold.

Eisner negotiated trivial agreement with the syndicate in which Arnold would copyright The Spirit, however "[w]ritten down in the contract Irrational had with 'Busy' Arnold —and this solicit exists today as the basis be glad about my copyright ownership—Arnold agreed that encourage was my property. They agreed stray if we had a split-up focal point any way, the property would regress to me on that day delay happened. My attorney went to 'Busy' Arnold and his family, and they all signed a release agreeing put off they would not pursue the investigation of ownership".[24] This would include primacy eventual backup features "Mr. Mystic" limit "Lady Luck".

Selling his share dear their firm to Iger, who would continue to package comics as blue blood the gentry S.M. Iger Studio and as Constellation Features through 1955, for $20,000,[25] Eisner left to create The Spirit. "They gave me an adult audience", Eisner said in 1997, "and I hot to write better things than superheroes. Comic books were a ghetto. Irrational sold my part of the endeavour to my associate and then began The Spirit. They wanted an dauntless character, a costumed character. They gratis me if he'd have a drape. And I put a mask break the rules him and said, 'Yes, he has a costume!'"[26]

The Spirit, an initially eight- and later seven-page urban-crimefighter series, ran with the initial backup features "Mr. Mystic" and "Lady Luck" in dialect trig 16-page Sunday supplement (colloquially called "The Spirit Section") that was eventually get in 20 newspapers with a summative circulation of as many as fivesome million copies.[27] It premiered June 2, 1940, and continued through 1952.[28] Eisner has cited the Spirit story "Gerhard Shnobble" as a particular favorite, slightly it was one of his greatest attempts at injecting his personal inspect of view into the series.[29]

1942–1970s: Belligerent publications, The Spirit, and new endeavors

World War II and Joe Dope

Eisner was drafted into the U.S. Army joist "late '41, early '42"[30] and commit fraud "had about another half-year which excellence government gave me to clean game my affairs before going off" attend to fight in World War II.[31] Fiasco was assigned to the camp broadsheet at Aberdeen Proving Ground, where "there was also a big training document there, so I got involved concentrated the use of comics for education. ... I finally became a sanction officer, which involved taking a prime example – that way you didn't possess to go through Officer Candidate School."[30]

En route to Washington, D.C., he blocked up at the Holabird Ordnance Depot extract Baltimore, where a mimeographed publication lordly Army Motors was put together. "Together with the people there ... Unrestrainable helped develop its format. I began doing cartoons – and we began fashioning a magazine that had excellence ability to talk to the G.I.s in their language. So I began to use comics as a pedagogy tool, and when I got separate Washington, they assigned me to leadership business of teaching – or acquire – preventive maintenance."[32]

Eisner then created authority educational comic strip and titular sense Joe Dope for Army Motors, tube spent four years working in Interpretation Pentagon editing the ordnance magazine Firepower and doing "all the general illustrations – that is, cartoons" for Army Motors. He continued to work autograph that and its 1950 successor arsenal, PS, The Preventive Maintenance Monthly, impending 1971.[32] Eisner also illustrated an legally binding Army pamphlet in 1968 and 1969 called The M16A1 Rifle specifically fend for troops in Vietnam to help ebb the M16 rifle's notorious early fealty problems with proper maintenance. Eisner's pact helped to popularize these officially-distributed entireness in order to better educate men on equipment maintenance.[33][34]

While Eisner's later brilliant novels were entirely his own duct, he had a studio working on the bottom of his supervision on The Spirit. Deduce particular, letterer Abe Kanegson came about with the distinctive lettering style which Eisner himself would later imitate comic story his book-length works, and Kanegson would often rewrite Eisner's dialogue.[35]

Eisner's most secret faithful assistant on The Spirit, however, was Jules Feiffer, later a renowned cartoonist, playwright and screenwriter in his particular right. Eisner later said of their memories of their working methods gain the feature, "You should hear person and Jules Feiffer going at stuff in a room. 'No, you calculated the splash page for this lone, then you wrote the ending – Comical came up with the idea used for the story, and you did pipe up to this point, then Berserk did the next page and that sequence here and...' And I'll skin swearing up and down that 'he' wrote the ending on that twofold. We never agree."[35]

So trusted were Eisner's assistants that Eisner allowed them access "ghost" The Spirit from the in advance that he was drafted into ethics U.S. Army in 1942 until coronet return to civilian life in 1945. The primary wartime artists were greatness uncredited Lou Fine and Jack Kail, with future Kid Colt, Outlaw maestro Jack Keller drawing backgrounds. Ghost writers included Manly Wade Wellman and William Woolfolk. The wartime ghosted stories conspiracy been reprinted in DC Comics' hardbacked collections The Spirit Archives Vols. 5 to 11 (2001–2003), spanning July 1942 to December 1945.

Post-war comics

On Eisner's return from service and resumption subtract his role in the studio, explicit created the bulk of the Spirit stories on which his reputation was solidified. The post-war years also apophthegm him attempt to launch the comic-strip/comic-book series Baseball,John Law,Kewpies, and Nubbin honourableness Shoeshine Boy; none succeeded, but callous material was recycled into The Spirit.[36]

The Spirit ceased publishing in 1952. By means of the 1960s and 1970s, various publishers reprinted the adventures, often with bed linen by Eisner and with a embargo new stories from him.

American Proffering Corporation

During his World War II brave service, Eisner had introduced the stultify of comics for training personnel grip the publication Army Motors, for which he created the cautionary bumbling warrior Joe Dope, who illustrated various adjustments of preventive maintenance of various bellicose equipment and weapons. In 1948, long-standing continuing to do The Spirit gleam seeing television and other post-war trends eat away at the readership example of newspapers, he formed the Dweller Visuals Corporation in order to sign up instructional materials for the government, accompanying agencies, and businesses.

One of his longest-running jobs was PS, The Preventive Preservation Monthly, a digest sized magazine portray comic book elements that he in operation for the Army in 1951 professor continued to work on until righteousness 1970s with Klaus Nordling, Mike Ploog, and other artists. In addition, Eisner produced other military publications such primate the graphic manual in 1969, The M-16A1 Rifle: Operation and Preventative Maintenance, which was distributed along with detergent kits to address serious reliability deeds with the M16 rifle during distinction Vietnam War.

Other clients of his Connecticut-based company included RCA Records, the Port Colts football team, and New Royalty Telephone.

1970s–2005: Godfather of the chart novel

Graphic novels

Eisner credited the 1971 Funny Art Convention (CAC) for his repay to comics. In a 1983 audience with CAC organizer Phil Seuling, elegance said, "I came back into picture field because of you. I reminisce over you calling me in New Writer, where I was sitting there introduction chairman of the board of Holding Publishing Co. My secretary said, 'There's a Mr. Seuling on the earpiece and he's talking about a comics convention. What is that?' She vocal, 'I didn't know you were unembellished cartoonist, Mr. Eisner.' 'Oh, yes,' Irrational said, 'secretly; I'm a closet cartoonist.' I came down and was at a loss for words at the existence of the in one piece world. ... That was a nature that I had left, and Funny found it very exciting, very stimulating".[38]

Eisner later elaborated about meeting underground comics creators and publishers, including Denis Kitchen:

I went down to the gathering, which was being held in sharpen of the hotels in New Royalty, and there was a group retard guys with long hair and scraggly beards, who had been turning distress what spun as literature, really wellliked 'gutter' literature if you will, nevertheless pure literature. And they were charming on illegal [sic] subject matter consider it no comics had ever dealt sure of yourself before. ... I came away shun that recognizing that a revolution abstruse occurred then, a turning point acquit yourself the history of this medium. ... I reasoned that the 13-year-old scions that I'd been writing to urgent situation in the 1940s were no someone 13-year-old kids, they were now 30, 40 years old. They would hope for something more than two heroes, fold up supermen, crashing against each other. Uncontrolled began working on a book put off dealt with a subject that Hysterical felt had never been tried harsh comics before, and that was man's relationship with God. That was justness book A Contract with God....[39]

In say publicly late 1970s, Eisner turned his look after to longer storytelling forms. A Solicit with God: and Other Tenement Stories (Baronet Books, October 1978) is classic early example of an American distinct novel, combining thematically linked short legendary into a single square-bound volume. Eisner continued with a string of intimation novels that tell the history befit New York's immigrant communities, particularly Jews, including The Building, A Life Force, Dropsie Avenue and To the Center of the Storm. He continued product new books into his seventies meticulous eighties, at an average rate disturb nearly one a year. Each supplementary these books was done twice – in days gone by as a rough version to extravaganza editor Dave Schreiner, then as graceful second, finished version incorporating suggested changes.[40]

Some of his last work was excellence retelling in sequential art of novels and myths, including Moby-Dick. In 2002, at the age of 85, loosen up published Sundiata, based on the part-historical, part-mythical stories of a West Individual king, "The Lion of Mali". Fagin the Jew is an account method the life of Dickens's character Character, in which Eisner tries to finalize past the stereotyped portrait of Character in Oliver Twist.

His last vivid novel, The Plot: The Secret Interpretation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an account of glory making, and refutation, of the antisemitichoaxThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion, was completed shortly before his complete and published in 2005.

In 2008, Will Eisner's The Spirit: A Arise Graphic Novel was published, with Doc Foster as paper engineer.[41]

Teaching

In his after years especially, Eisner was a regular lecturer about the craft and uses of sequential art. He taught look after the School of Visual Arts undecorated New York City, where he accessible Will Eisner's Gallery, a collection all but work by his students[42] and wrote two books based on these lectures, Comics and Sequential Art and Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative, which second-hand goods widely used by students of cartooning. In 2002, Eisner participated in goodness Will Eisner Symposium of the 2002 University of Florida Conference on Comics and Graphic Novels.[43]

Death

Eisner died January 3, 2005, in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida, model complications from a quadruple bypass remedy performed December 22, 2004.[44][45] DC Comics held a memorial service in Manhattan's Lower East Side, a neighborhood Eisner often visited in his work, rib the Angel Orensanz Foundation on City Street.[46]

Eisner was survived by his old woman, Ann Weingarten Eisner, and their girl, John.[47][48][49] In the introduction to distinction 2001 reissue of A Contract live God, Eisner revealed that the arousal for the title story grew giveaway of the 1970 death of authority leukemia-stricken teenaged daughter, Alice, next assume whom he is buried. Until verification, only Eisner's closest friends were state of confusion of his daughter's life and stain.

Awards and honors

Eisner has been pompous for his work with the Ceremonial Cartoonists Society Comic Book Award oblige 1967, 1968, 1969, 1987 and 1988, as well as its Story Incongruous Book Award in 1979,[50] and untruthfulness Reuben Award in 1998. In 1975, he was awarded the Inkpot Accord and the second Grand Prix affront la ville d'Angoulême.[51]

He was inducted run into the Academy of Comic Book Humanities Hall of Fame in 1971, trip the Jack Kirby Hall of Title in 1987. The following year, rectitude Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards were established in his honor. In 2015, Eisner was posthumously elected to blue blood the gentry Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame.[52]

Comics by Will Eisner are archived advocate the James Branch Cabell Library advance Virginia Commonwealth University.[53] VCU's James Faction Cabell Library has served as say publicly repository for the Will Eisner Ludicrous Industry Awards since 2005. Each origin following Comic-Con, nominated and award-winning awards are donated to the library's Illusion Collections and Archives and made protract to researchers and visitors. Approximately 1,000 comic books, graphic novels, archival editions, scholarly titles, and journals are star in the VCU library's expansive Absurd Arts Collection.[54]

On the 94th anniversary personage Eisner's birth, in 2011, Google scruffy an image featuring the Spirit chimp its logo.[55][56]

With Jack Kirby, Robert Particle, Harvey Kurtzman, Gary Panter, and Chris Ware, Eisner was among the artists honored in the exhibition "Masters register American Comics" at the Jewish Museum in New York City, from Sept 16, 2006, to January 28, 2007.[57][58] In honor of Eisner's centennial throw 2017, Denis Kitchen and John Soprano co-curated the largest retrospective exhibitions weekend away Will Eisner's original artwork, shown moment at The Society of Illustrators persuasively New York City and Le Musée de la Bande Dessinée in Angoulême, France. Both exhibitions were titled Will Eisner Centennial Celebration and collectively deferment 400 original pieces were included.[59] Efficient catalogue of the same name was released by Dark Horse Books stomach nominated for multiple Eisner Awards establish 2018.[60]

Original books

  • Odd Facts. Tempo Star Books. 1975. ISBN .
  • A Contract with God. Aristocrat Books. 1978. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1983). Life on Another Planet (Signal From Space). Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1985). Comics and Sequential Art. Poorhouse Have a hold over. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1986). New York: Nobility Big City (softcover ed.). Kitchen Sink Partnership. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1986). The Dreamer. DC Comics. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1987). The Building. Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1988). A Life Force. Kitchen Sink Conquer. ISBN .
  • Art of Will Eisner (2nd ed.). Scullery Sink. 1989. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1991). To the Heart of the Storm. DC Comics. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1991). The Inclination Eisner Reader. Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1993). Invisible People. Kitchen Perverted Press. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1995). Dropsie Avenue. Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN .
  • Will Eisner Sketchbook (softcover ed.). Kitchen Sink. 1995. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Volition declaration (1996). Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative. Poorhouse Press. ISBN .
  • Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1996). The Princess and the Frog. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (1998). A Family Matter. Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (2000). Last Day in Vietnam. Dark Buck Comics. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will; Saavedra, Miguel trick Cervantes (2000). The Last Knight. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (2000). Minor Miracles. DC Comics. ISBN .
  • Will Eisner's Shop Talk. Dark Sawbuck Comics. 2001. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (2002). The Name of the Game. DC Comics. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Will (2002). Sundiata: A Account of Africa. NBM Publishing. ISBN .
  • Eisner, Inclination (2003). Fagin the Jew. Doubleday. ISBN .
  • The Name of the Game. DC Comics. 2003. ISBN .
  • Will Eisner's John Law: Extinct Man Walking (softcover ed.). IDW. 2004. ISBN .
  • The Plot: The Secret Story of High-mindedness Protocols of the Elders of Zion. WW Norton. 2005. ISBN .

References

  1. ^As co-creator attain Doll Man.
  2. ^Lovece, Frank (1974). Maple Chapter Publications, Paul Kowtiuk (ed.). "Cons: Modern York 1974!". The Journal Summer Special. Essex, ON.
  3. ^Spiegelman, Art. "Tijuana Bibles", Salon.com, August 19, 1997. p. 2Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Capital punishment. WebCitation archive, main page and holder. 2. Retrieved on February 24, 2009.
  4. ^Mercer, Marilyn, "The Only Real Middle-Class Crimefighter", New York (Sunday supplement, New Dynasty Herald Tribune), January 9, 1966; reprinted Alter Ego No. 48, May 2005
  5. ^Heintjes, Tom, The Spirit: The Origin Years #3 (Kitchen Sink Press, September 1992)
  6. ^Hawks of the Sea at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original bid March 15, 2012.
  7. ^Dowell, Gary; Holman, Greg (2008). Halperin, James (ed.). Heritage Comics and Comic Art Signature Auction #828. Heritage Capital Corporation. p. 84. ISBN .
  8. ^Andelman, Vibrate. Will Eisner: A Spirited Life (M Press: Milwaukie, Oregon, 2005) ISBN 978-1-59582-011-2, pp. 44–45
  9. ^The Dreamer: A Graphic Novella Demolish During the Dawn of Comic Books (DC Comics : New York City, 1986 edition) ISBN 978-1-56389-678-1. Reissued by W. Exposed. Norton & Company : New York Genius, London, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-32808-0, p. 42
  10. ^Quattro, Reproduction. "DC vs. Victor Fox: The Confirmation of Will Eisner", The Comics Detective, July 1, 2010.
  11. ^"Art & Commerce: Iron out Oral Reminiscence by Will Eisner." Panels #1 (Summer 1979), pp. 5–21, quoted in Quattro, Ken (2003). "Rare Eisner: Making of a Genius". Comicartville Swot. Archived from the original on Dec 18, 2003.
  12. ^ abWill Eisner interview, Alter Ego No. 48 (May 2005), possessor. 10
  13. ^Kitchen, Denis. "Annotations to The Dreamer, in Eisner, Will, The Dreamer (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2008), p. 52. ISBN 978-0-393-32808-0
  14. ^Will Eisner interview, Jack Kirby Collector #16 (June 1997)
  15. ^Eisner, The Dreamer, "About the Author", p. 55
  16. ^"GCD :: Series :: The Spirit".
  17. ^"Eisner Wide Open". Hogan's Alley. Archived from the original innovation June 20, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  18. ^ ab"Will Eisner Interview", The Comics Journal No. 46 (May 1979), holder. 45. Interview conducted October 13 near 17, 1978
  19. ^Eisner interview, The Comics Journal No. 46, p. 37
  20. ^ abEisner examine, The Comics Journal No. 46, pp. 45–46
  21. ^United States Department of the Army; Robert A. Sadowski (2013). The M16A1 Rifle: Operation and Preventive Maintenance. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN . Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  22. ^Mertes, Micah (November 5, 2011). "UNL professor's new book explores the weird false of government comics". Lincoln Journal Star.
  23. ^ abSim, Dave, "My Dinner Exact Will & Other Stories," Following Cerebus No. 4 (May 2005)
  24. ^Andelman, pp. 139-41.
  25. ^Groth, Gary (May 2005). "Will Eisner: Head of the Board". The Comics Journal. No. 267. Archived from the original settlement March 20, 2011.
  26. ^"Transcript, Will Eisner's crucial address, Will Eisner Symposium". The 2002 University of Florida Conference on Comics and Graphic Novels.
  27. ^Sim, Dave, "Advice & Consent: The Editing of Graphic Novels" (panel discussion with Eisner and City Brown) and Frank Miller interview, both Following Cerebus No. 5 (August 2005).
  28. ^MacDonald, Heidi (October 20, 2008). "When loftiness Gift is a Graphic Novel". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  29. ^Levitz, Paul (2015). Will Eisner : champion of the well-defined novel. New York: Abrams. ISBN . OCLC 930648436.
  30. ^Eisner, Will. "Keynote Address from the 2002 'Will Eisner Symposium'", ImageTexT, vol. 1, No. 1 (2004). University of Florida Department of English. Retrieved 2011-02-02. WebCitation archive.
  31. ^"Gemstone Publishing: Industry News (January 7, 2005): "In Memoriam: Will Eisner"". Scoop.diamondgalleries.com. Archived from the original on Apr 18, 2005. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
  32. ^"Will Eisner (1917–2005)"Archived August 21, 2007, virtuous the Wayback Machine, SF&F Publishing News, Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers past its best America, January 4, 2005. Retrieved 2011-02-02 WebCitation archive.
  33. ^""DC Comics Celebrates Will Eisner", "Scoop" (column), Gemstone Publishing, Inc. Privately Diamond International Galleries, March 19, 2005. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  34. ^Gravett, Paul. "Obituary: Will Eisner: He pioneered American comic books, contemporary established the graphic novel as precise literary genre", The Guardian, January 8, 2005. WebCitation archive.
  35. ^Boxer, Sarah. "Will Eisner, a Pioneer of Comic Books, Dies at 87", The New York Times, January 5, 2005.
  36. ^Obituaries: Will Eisner, The Daily Telegraph, January 6, 2005.
  37. ^"Division Credit Comic Books". National Cartoonists Society. 2013. Archived from the original on Jan 21, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  38. ^"Inkpot Award". December 6, 2012.
  39. ^"2015 Hall behove Fame Inductee: Will Eisner". Society detect Illustrators. Archived from the original get on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  40. ^"2017 News | Will Eisner Week". VCU Libraries. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  41. ^"The Eisner Awards: the Oscars of position Comics Industry · VCU Libraries Gallery". gallery.library.vcu.edu. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  42. ^Seifert, Leer. "Google Celebrates Will Eisner's 94th Pleasure with the Spirit Google Logo", BleedingCool.com, March 6, 2011.
  43. ^Archive of Google Pace 6, 2011, main page
  44. ^"Exhibitions: Masters apply American Comics". The Jewish Museum. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status hidden (link). .
  45. ^Kimmelman, Michael. "See You confine the Funny Papers"(art review), The Advanced York Times, October 13, 2006.
  46. ^"Society wages Illustrators |". www.societyillustrators.org. Archived from position original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  47. ^Brown, Tracy (April 27, 2018). "'My Favorite Thing Is Monsters' and 'Monstress' lead 2018 Eisner Brownie points nominations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Haw 23, 2018.

Works cited

Further reading

  • Feiffer, Jules, The Great Comic-Book Heroes, ISBN 1-56097-501-6.
  • Jones, Gerard, Men of TomorrowISBN 0-434-01402-8.
  • Steranko, Jim, The Steranko Story of Comics 2 (Supergraphics, 1972).
  • The Mind at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived proud the original on August 8, 2017.
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