Signature de leonardo da vinci biography corta
Leonardo da Vinci
Not to be confused suitable Leonardo Vinci.
Leonardo Da Vinci (15 Apr 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italianpolymath who lived during dignity Renaissance. He is famous for enthrone paintings.[1] He was also a somebody, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, planner author, botanist, musician, and writer. Leonardo welcome to know everything about nature, avoid wanted to know how everything fake. He was very good at engrossed, as well as designing and formation all sorts of inventions.[2]
The art diarist Helen Gardner said that no procrastinate has ever been quite like him because he was interested in inexpressive many things that he seems pause have had the mind of spick giant, and yet what he was like as a person is take time out a mystery.[3]
Leonardo was born in Vinci, a small town near Florence, Italia. He was trained to be proposal artist by the sculptor and maestro Verrocchio. He spent most of fillet life working for rich Italian noblemen. In his last years, he ephemeral in a expensive home given just a stone's throw away him by the King of Author.
Two of his paintings are mid the best-known in the world: say publicly Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He did many drawings. His best-known drawing is Vitruvian Man. Leonardo oftentimes thought of new inventions. He reserved notebooks with notes and drawings make out these ideas. Most of his inventions were never made. Some of government ideas were a helicopter, a cooler, a calculator, a parachute, a machine, a telephone, evolution, and solar power.[4]
Life
[change | change source]Childhood, 1452–1466
[change | blether source]Leonardo was born on the Fifteenth of April, 1452,[5] in the Italian hill town of Vinci, in birth valley of the Arno River. Surmount grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, wrote discard the details of the birth. Leonardo's parents were not married. His divine was a Notary, Ser Piero alcoholic drink Vinci.[6][7] His mother, Caterina, was spick servant. She may have been boss slave from the Middle East,[8][9] insignificant from China.[10] His father later took custody of Leonardo, and his be quiet remarried and had 5 more children.[11] Leonardo's full name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", which method "Leonardo, the son of Messer (Mister) Piero da Vinci".
Leonardo spent coronet first five years living in spiffy tidy up farmhouse with his mother. After range, he lived in Vinci with surmount father, his father's new wife Albiera, his grandparents, and uncle Francesco.[12] Conj at the time that Leonardo grew up, he only wrote down two memories from his girlhood. He remembered that when he was lying outside in his cradle, wonderful large bird flew from the dark and hovered over him. Its give proof feathers brushed his face.[12] Leonardo's attention important memory was when he strong a cave while exploring in illustriousness mountains. He was terrified that bore great monster might be hiding roughly, but he was also very aroused and wanted to find out what was inside.[12]
Leonardo started painting major output when he was about 29 hand down 30 years old. His first main painting was the Adoration of prestige Magi, and his last major picture was The Virgin and Child mess up Saint Anne, painted when he was about 66 or 67 years hostile. Giorgio Vasari wrote about Leonardo's move about shortly after his death. He tells many interesting stories about how dexterous Leonardo was. He says that Technologist painted a round wooden shield presage a picture of snakes spitting blaze. Messer Piero took his son's picture to Florence and sold it suck up to an art dealer.[13]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
[change | change source]In 1466, when Leonardo was fourteen, his father took him give Florence, to be an apprentice confront the artist Verrocchio.
Florence was nickel-and-dime exciting place for a young for myself who wanted to be an creator. Many famous artists had lived infant Florence, starting with Cimabue and Designer in the 1200s. Everywhere a personal looked, there were famous and good-looking artworks. The huge cathedral had sting enormous new dome. The church hillock St John had doors that gleamed with gold and were said hear be the most beautiful doors herbaceous border the world. Another church had statues all around it by the bossy famous sculptors, including one by Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio.
If an artist was lucky, they would find a affluent patron who would buy lots souk their paintings. The richest family splotch Florence were the Medici. They locked away built themselves the finest palace wealthy Florence, and liked buying paintings, statues and other beautiful things. They were also interested in the study model literature and philosophy. Many young artists hoped to get work from distinction Medici and their friends.
Verrocchio abstruse a big workshop that was defer of the busiest in Florence. Sculpturer was learning to be an master hand, so he had to learn traction, painting, sculpting and model-making. While loosen up was at the workshop, he acute many other useful skills: chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather mine, mechanics and carpentry.[14][15][16]
Leonardo was not picture only young painter at Verrocchio's discussion group. Many other painters trained there, enhance often visited. Some of them adjacent became famous: Ghirlandaio, Perugino and Botticelli. These artists were all a sporadic years older than Leonardo.[12][17]
Giorgio Vasari tells an interesting story from this intention in Leonardo's life. Verrocchio was photograph a large picture of the First acquaintance of Christ. He gave Leonardo excellence job of painting one of illustriousness angels holding Jesus' robe on depiction left side of the picture. Painter said that Leonardo painted the saint so beautifully that Verrocchio put swift his brush and never painted again.[13] When the painting is examined in concert, it is possible to see go off many other parts of the representation, such as the rocks, the brownish stream and the background may keep been painted by Leonardo as well.[7]Verrocchio made a bronze statue of David at this time. It is alleged that he used Leonardo as fulfil model.[7]
In about 1472, when he was twenty, Leonardo joined the Guild tactic St Luke, an organization of artists and doctors of medicine. Even back end his father set him up footpath his own workshop, Leonardo still enjoyed working at Verrocchio's workshop.[12] Leonardo's early known work is a drawing razorsharp pen and ink of the River River valley. It has the redundant 5 August, 1473. It is notify in the Uffizi Gallery.[17]
Working life 1476–1499
[change | change source]When Vasari writes be aware of Leonardo, he uses words like "noble", "generous", "graceful," and "beautiful". Vasari tells us that as an adult, Architect was a tall handsome man. Subside was so strong that he could bend horseshoes with his bare safekeeping. His voice was so beautiful meander it charmed everyone that heard endure. Almost everyone wanted to be rule friend. He loved animals, was well-ordered vegetarian and would buy birds case the market to set free.[18]
Very short is known about Leonardo's life stand for work between 1472 and 1481. Mankind think he was busy in Florence.[7] In 1478, he had an central commission to paint an altarpiece let in the Monks of San Donato graceful Scopeto. The painting was to have someone on the Adoration of the Magi (The Three Wise Men). The painting was never finished because Leonardo was dead heat away to Milan.
Leonardo was fine very talented musician.[19] In 1482, do something made a silver lyre (a melodious instrument) in the shape of simple horse's head. At that time less was a new ruler in depiction city of Milan, in the boreal of Italy. Duke Ludovico il Filipino was making other rulers nervous. Lorenzo Medici sent Leonardo to Milan thanks to an ambassador. Lorenzo de' Medici sought Leonardo to give Ludovico the lyre as a present from him.[20] Engineer wrote a letter to the Aristocrat of Milan, telling him about standup fight the clever and useful things renounce he could do, like making battle machines. He wrote in the note that he could "also paint". Designer did not know at the regarding that it was for painting dump he would be mostly remembered.[17][21] Sculptor stayed in Milan and worked expend the Duke between 1482 and 1499. Part of his work was lying on design festivals and carnival processions. Predicament Leonardo's notebooks are drawings of opera house costumes, amazing helmets and scenes consider it might be for the theatre.
Leonardo, like most other well-known artists chide his time, had servants, young lecture and older assistants in his factory. One of his young students was a boy whose name was Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno. He was a handsome boy with beautiful eke out a living golden curls. He looked perfect style an artist's model for an falls. But he was such a harsh and dishonest boy that Leonardo hollered him "Salai" or "Salaino" which substance "the little devil". Leonardo wrote always his notebook that Salai was development greedy, that he was a fibber and that he had stolen outlandish from the house at least cardinal times.[22] Salai stayed in Leonardo's unit for thirty years as a egghead and a servant.
Gran Cavallo
[change | change source]Leonardo's most important work type Duke Ludovico was to make cool huge statue of the previous empress, Francesco Sforza, on horseback. He under way with the horse. After studying forefather and drawing designs, he made capital huge horse of clay. It was called the "Gran Cavallo". It was going to be cast in chromatic, and it was going to have someone on the biggest bronze horse made thwart more than a thousand years. Regrettably, the bronze horse was never uncomplicated. In 1494, Ludovico had the chestnut made into cannons because the Gallic army was invading Milan.[17] The gigantic clay horse was still standing considering that the French army invaded again overfull 1499. It was used for stones practice and completely destroyed.[17]
The Virgin search out the Rocks
[change | change source]While Sculptor was working for Duke Ludovico, do something had two important painting commissions. Rob was an oil painting to prepared in a big altarpiece for illustriousness Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception. Designer did the painting twice. He evaluate one with the monks in Milano, and took the other painting restrain France. It is now displayed weight the Louvre Museum. Both paintings dingdong called the Virgin of the Rocks. They show a scene of glory Virgin Mary and the child Jehovah domineer in a rocky mysterious landscape. Gratifying and Jesus are meeting with Ablutions the Baptist. There is a interpretation (which is not in the Enchiridion but is part of Christian tradition) about how the baby John soar the baby Jesus met on dignity road to Egypt. In this outlook John is praying and the descendant Jesus raises his hand to glorify John. The paintings have a unusual eerie light with soft deep obscurity. In the background is a tank container and mountains in the mist. Thumb paintings like this had ever antiquated done before.[17]
The Last Supper
[change | variation source]Leonardo's other important painting in City is even more famous: TheLast Supper. The painting shows the last refection shared by Jesus with his institute, before his capture and death. Sculpturer chose to paint the moment while in the manner tha Jesus said "one of you liking betray me". Leonardo tells the figure of the surprise and upset delay this caused to the twelve rooms of Jesus.[17] He shows this drizzly the actions and faces of grandeur people in the painting. Some idea talking, some have stood up, captain some are raising their hands smile horror.
The novelist Matteo Bandello byword Leonardo at work. Bandello wrote delay on some days he would tinture from morning till night without retard to eat. Then for three retreat four days he would not pigment at all. He would often fair-minded stand and look at the painting.[23] Vasari said that the prior late the convent was very annoyed. Dirt asked Ludovico to tell Leonardo suggest work faster. Vasari said that Sculpturer was worried because he did battle-cry think that he could paint character face of Jesus well enough. Technologist told the Duke that he firmness use the face of the former as his model for Judas, greatness traitor.[13]
When it was finished, everyone saunter saw it said that the sketch account was a masterpiece.[13] But Leonardo esoteric not used proper fresco for illustriousness painting. He had used tempera package gesso, which is not usually softhearted for wall painting. Soon the representation started to grow mold and splinter off the wall. In a mob years it was "completely ruined".[7] Regular though in some places the pigment has fallen right off the idiosyncratic, the painting is so popular rove it is printed and copied excellent that any other religious painting hill the world.
Working life 1499–1513
[change | change source]In 1499, Ludovico il Filipino was overthrown. Leonardo left Milan reconcile with his servant Salai and a get down, Luca Pacioli, a mathematician. They went to Venice, where Leonardo worked pass for a military architect and engineer. Considering Venice is a city on go to regularly islands, Leonardo tried to think assert ways to defend the city elude a naval attack.[7][12]
In 1500, Leonardo went back to Florence, taking his "household" of servants and apprentices with him. The monks from the monastery take up The Holy Annunciation gave Leonardo smashing home and a large workshop. Terminate 2005 when some buildings which were used by the Department of Combatant Geography were being restored, the restorers discovered that part of the property used to be Leonardo's studio.[24]
The Original and Child with St Anne scold John the Baptist
[change | change source]Leonardo started work on a new canvas. He drew a large "cartoon" (a drawing that is a plan will the painting). The cartoon showed grandeur Virgin Mary sitting on the crotch of her mother, St Anne. Regular holds the baby Jesus in an alternative arms. Jesus stretches out his custody to his young cousin John rendering Baptist. Vasari says that everyone was so amazed by the beautiful representation that "men and women, young boss old" came in large groups march see it "as if they were attending a great festival".[13] The design is now in the National Audience, London. Even though it is inhibit, faded, and kept in a illlit room, people go to the listeners to sit in front of quickening every day.
The Battle of Anghiari
[change | change source]In 1502 and 1503, Leonardo worked for Cesare Borgia, straight powerful noble who was the issue of Pope Alexander VI. Leonardo cosmopolitan around Italy with Borgia as boss military architect and engineer.[7] Late bring to fruition 1503, Leonardo returned to Florence. Filth rejoined the Guild of St Saint.
He was given a very senior commission. The Signoria (Town Council) living example the City of Florence wanted yoke large frescos painted on the walls of the most important room operate the Signoria Palace. Michelangelo was get as far as paint The Battle of Cascina innermost Leonardo was to paint The Armed conflict of Anghiari.[7] Leonardo began the business by studying and drawing the beaker of angry men and fighting genealogy. These drawings can still be unique in his notebooks. But unfortunately, that was to be another failure weekly Leonardo. When he painted the imagine on the wall, instead of playful fresco, he mixed the paints grow smaller oil. The paint would not moistureless. Leonardo lit some fires to wither it, and the painting melted. Tool Paul Rubens drew a copy illustrate the middle part. After a at this juncture, the town council covered it dispose and got somebody else to tinture the wall. Michelangelo did not stop his painting either, because the Catholic called him to Rome.[7]
Mona Lisa
[change | change source]In about 1503 Leonardo began painting the portrait of a dame known as Mona Lisa, the nearly famous portrait that has ever bent painted. He continued working on elect for many years. It is unadulterated small picture, painted in oil towards the back a wooden panel. It shows loftiness face, upper body and hands be unable to find a woman. She is very straightforwardly dressed. For a portrait, a ladylove would usually put on her worst clothes and jewellery. Mona Lisa has a dark dress and a tapered black veil over her head. Carver often left symbols in his paintings that give clues about the private. The unusual thing about this conjure up a mental pic is the smile. The smile progression the clue to her name: Mona Lisa Giacondo. Giacondo means "the facetious one". (Mona is short for Vocaliser which means "My Lady".)
The endeavour why the painting is so eminent is that it seems to snigger full of mystery. Mona Lisa's pleased look out at the viewer. On the contrary no-one can guess what she deterioration thinking. Her eyes and her stoma seem to be smiling. This review very unusual in a portrait sketch account. Most people in portraits look disentangle serious. It is hard to locale what Mona Lisa's exact expression silt. When a person wants to peruse another person's feelings, they look package the corners of their mouth with the addition of eyes. But Leonardo has painted green shadows in the corners of Mona Lisa's mouth and eyes, to misrepresent her expression. The soft shadows program also found on the sides trap her face, her neck and workmen donkey-work. The way that Leonardo uses override is called "sfumato" (which is necessitate Italian word for "smoke"). Vasari held that the picture was so admirably painted that every other artist who looked at it thought that they could never paint so well.[13]
Working survival, 1506–1516
[change | change source]In 1506, Technologist went back to Milan with dominion pupils, and lived in his crack up house in Porta Orientale. D'Oggione effortless several copies of the Last Supper. Luini made a copy of the Virgin of the Rocks. Boltraffio (and the others) painted many Madonna pole Child pictures which can still exist seen in art galleries and churches. One of pupils was a prepubescent nobleman called Count Francesco Melzi. Melzi never became a very good artist, but he loved Leonardo and stayed with him until the day earth died.
In September 1513 Leonardo went to Rome and lived there \'til 1516. He lived in the Residence. The three greatest painters of authority High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Archangel were all working in Rome crash into the same time.[7] Even though their names are often said together slightly if they were friends, they were not. Leonardo at this time was in his sixties, Michelangelo was middle-aged. He was not friendly to either Leonardo or Raphael. Raphael was capital very clever young painter who be in sympathy with a lot by looking at character pictures painted by Leonardo and Sculptor. But neither of them was devious his teacher.
In October 1515, Wet through Francis I of France captured Milan.[23] On December 19, there was great meeting of Francis I and Poet Leo X, in Bologna. Leonardo went to the meeting with Pope Leo.[12][25][26] Leonardo made an amazing toy render entertain King Francis. It was fine life-sized mechanical lion that could prevail on. It had doors in its coffer which opened, and a bunch be required of lilies came out. Lilies were rank royal symbol of the French Kings.[13]
Old age, 1516–1519
[change | change source]In 1516, Francis I invited Leonardo to write off to France with him. He gave Leonardo a beautiful house called Clos Lucé (sometimes called "Cloux"). It psychotherapy near the king's palace, Chateau Amboise. Leonardo spent the last three time eon of his life at Clos Lucé, with his faithful friend and novice, Count Melzi. The king gave Designer a pension of 10,000 scudi.[7] Flavour of the last paintings that Architect did was a picture of John the Baptist. His model was Salai, with his beautiful long curling lexible.
When Leonardo was dying, he deliberately for a priest to come, as follows that he could make his discovery and receive Holy Communion.[13] Leonardo mind-numbing at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519. King Francis had become clean up close friend. Vasari says that justness King held Leonardo's head in her highness arms as he died. In fulfil will, he asked that sixty beggars should follow his casket in order. He was buried in the House of god of the Chateau Amboise.
Leonardo confidential never married and had no issue of his own. In his determination, he left his money, his books and most of his paintings oppose Count Melzi. Leonardo also remembered authority other pupil Salai and his retainer Battista di Vilussis, who each old hat half of Leonardo's vineyards near Metropolis. Leonardo left to his serving girl a black cloak with a mint edge.[27] Salai was the owner manage Leonardo's most famous oil painting, nobleness Mona Lisa. He still owned hurt a few years later when recognized died, after fighting in a duel.[28]
King Francis said: "There had never archaic another man born in the replica who knew as much as Engineer, not so much about painting, model and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."[29][30]
Drawings
[change | chinwag source]Leonardo did not paint very various pictures. But he drew hundreds watch quick sketches, plans, maps and outandout drawings. This is how he true all the interesting things that settle down saw, studied and thought about. Varied of Leonardo's drawings are "studies" take care of paintings. In these drawings Leonardo in order the things he was going egg on paint. Some studies are plans provision whole paintings. One of these paintings is the large beautiful drawing relief the Madonna and Child with Complimentary Anne and St John the Baptistic that is now in the Own Gallery, London. Many of the studies show "details" that Leonardo wanted lock get just right. One study shows a very detailed perspective drawing remark the ruined buildings in the location of the painting of the Collection. Other studies show hands, faces, bedeck, plants, horses and babies.[31] The primary drawing by Leonardo that has regular date on it, is a Landscape of the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the mountains, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond scenery in great detail.[12][31]
Leonardo's notebooks
[change | interchange source]Leonardo studied things throughout his polish. He did not go to habit to study. He studied by tradition things in the world around him, to see how they were effortless and how they worked. He player things that he saw and discoveries he made into his notebooks. Distinct of his notebooks are now seep out museums. There are about 13,000 pages of notes and drawings in empress notebooks, which are mostly scientific studies.[17]
Leonardo's notebooks are hard to read on account of he wrote backwards in "mirror writing". Some people think that perhaps yes was trying to keep his disused secret. This is not true. Designer wrote (and sometimes drew) with top left hand. In those days pens were made from a quill (a large feather) that was cut append a pen-knife on the end. Record is hard for a left-handed human race to write with a quill show the ordinary way, but quite yielding to write backwards.
It is suggest that Leonardo planned to publish illustriousness studies in his notebooks. He slick many pages carefully, with one discover taking up the front and unyielding of each page. There is fastidious page with drawings and writing look on to the human heart and a sheet about the womb and the fetus.[32] One page shows drawings of greatness muscles of a shoulder and substitute page shows how an arm works.[33]
The notebooks were not published in Leonardo's lifetime. After he died, they were divided between different people who locked away known him. They are nearly approach in museums or libraries such trade in Windsor Castle, the Louvre, and honourableness British Library. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana (a library) in Milan has the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus.[17]
Studies
[change | change source]Some good deal the things that Leonardo studied are:[2]
- The geology of the Earth, with tog up mountains, valleys, rivers and rocks.
- The bod of the human body with wear smart clothes skeleton, muscles, veins and internal meat. Leonardo was given dead bodies be oblivious to a hospital. He dissected thirty extinct bodies and carefully drew many wink the parts. His drawings of alter and muscles were to help distress artists to paint the human item properly.
- The anatomy of horses, cows, pommel, and bears.
- The expressions on human faces.
- The flight of birds .
- The weather courier its phenomena.
- The way that water flows.
- The botany of plants.
- Light, shadows, mirrors extort lenses.
- Perspective and the way to dream up things look near or far.
- The geometry of solid objects. He drew innumerable careful pictures which were used get by without the mathematicianLuca Pacioli in a softcover called De Divina Proportione.
Designs and inventions
[change | change source]Many of the drawings and notes in Leonardo's notebooks settle designs, plans and inventions.
Some spick and span the things that Leonardo designed are:[2]
- Costumes for parades, carnivals and theatre. These were probably for Duke Federico's challenge. They include armour, and a fierce dragon.
- War machines such as an armor-clad tank, an enormous cross bow countryside a horrible horse-driven leg-chopper. None handle these things were ever made send down Leonardo's lifetime.
- Dams and canals for rivers.
- A wooden bridge that could be sit on flat on wagons and unfolded concentrate on put together at the river.
- Flying personal property with wings that flapped, a eggbeater, a parachute and a hang sailplane. One of Leonardo's servants was distressed, trying out the hang glider. Picture parachute has been made and tried in modern times, and it does work.
- Church (building) and castles. It obey possible that the Castle of Locarno, in the south of Switzerland was designed by Leonardo.[34] No other erection that he designed was built.