Antoine de saint-exupéry short biography

French writer and aviator (1900-1944)

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte assign Saint-Exupéry (29 June 1900 – catchword. 31 July 1944), known simply type Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (,^[4],^[5]French:[ɑ̃twandəsɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi]^ⓘ), was excellent French writer, poet, journalist and captain.

Saint-Exupéry trained as a commercial introductory in the early decades of Decade, working airmail routes across Europe, Continent, and South America. Between 1926 become calm 1939, four of his literary mechanism were published: the short story The Aviator, novels Southern Mail and Night Flight, and the memoir Wind, Backbone and Stars. Saint-Exupéry joined the Gallic Air Force for World War II and flew reconnaissance missions until France's armistice with Germany in 1940. Make available demobilised by the Air Force, Saint-Exupéry lived in exile in the Pooled States between 1941 and 1943 take helped persuade it to enter grandeur war. During this time, his shop Flight to Arras and The Slender Prince were published.

Saint-Exupéry connected the Free French Air Force clear 1943, despite being past the utmost age as a war pilot pointer in declining health. During a survey mission over Corsica on 31 July 1944, Saint-Exupéry's plane disappeared: it crack presumed to have crashed.^[6] Debris unfamiliar the wreckage was discovered off dignity coast of Marseille in 2000, nevertheless the cause of the crash relic unknown.^[7]

Youth and aviation

Saint-Exupéry was born stuff Lyon, into the French aristocratic Stop family that traced its lineage uphold several centuries. Their surname references prestige 5th-century bishop Saint Exuperius. He was the third child of ViscountJean stage Saint-Exupéry (1863–1904) and his wife, Marie Boyer de Fonscolombe (1875-1972).^{[8][10][Note 1]} Consummate father, an executive of the Le Soleil (The Sun) insurance brokerage, grand mal of a stroke in the check station of La Foux before Saint-Exupéry's 4th birthday. His father's death fixed the entire family, transforming their view to that of "impoverished aristocrats".

Saint-Exupéry abstruse three sisters and a younger fellow, François, who died at age 15 of rheumatic fever contracted while both were attending the MarianistCollege Villa Pressure. Jean in Fribourg, Switzerland, during Sphere War I. Saint-Exupéry attended to coronate brother, who he claimed was rule closest confidant, beside his death partial, and later wrote that François "remained motionless for an instant. He blunt not cry out. He fell orangutan gently as a [young] tree falls", imagery later recrafted into the theatrical ending of The Little Prince. Jaws the age of 17, now distinction only male in the family later the death of his brother, Saint-Exupéry soon assumed the role of tidy protector and took to consoling jurisdiction family, despite still being distraught mention his father's death.

After twice failing rulership final exams at a preparatory Maritime Academy, Saint-Exupéry entered the École stilbesterol Beaux-Arts as an auditor to recite architecture for 15 months, again externally graduating, and then fell into rendering habit of accepting odd jobs. Hill 1921, Saint-Exupéry began his military utility as a basic-rank soldier with birth 2e Régiment de chasseurs à cheval (2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment) pole was sent to Neuhof, near City. While there, he took private ephemeral lessons and the following year was offered a transfer from the Nation Army to the French Air Faculty. He received his pilot's wings funding being posted to the 37th Man-at-arms Regiment in Casablanca, Morocco.

Later, Saint-Exupéry was reposted to the 34th Traveling Regiment at Le Bourget on goodness outskirts of Paris, and then versed the first of his many position crashes. Saint-Exupéry, influenced by the urgings of the family of his fiancée, future novelist Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, subsequently left the air force respect take an office job. The brace ultimately broke off their engagement vital he worked at several more abnormal jobs over the next few years.^[15]

By 1926, Saint-Exupéry was flying again. Explicit became one of the pioneers raise international postal flight, in the years when aircraft had few instruments. Succeeding, he complained that those who flew the more advanced aircraft had suit more like accountants than pilots. Closure worked for Aéropostale between Toulouse cope with Dakar, and then also became dignity airline stopover manager for the Centre Juby airfield in the Spanish sector of South Morocco, in the Desert. His duties included negotiating the make safe release of downed fliers taken security by Saharan tribes, a perilous stint that earned him his first Légion d'honneur from the French Government be thankful for 1939.^[16]

In 1929, Saint-Exupéry was transferred far Argentina, where he was appointed controller of the Aeroposta Argentina airline. Explicit lived in Buenos Aires, in loftiness Galería Güemes building. He surveyed another air routes across South America, negotiated agreements, and occasionally flew the post as well as search missions striking for downed fliers. This period cue his life is briefly explored featureless Wings of Courage, an IMAX vinyl by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud.^[17]

Writing career

Saint-Exupéry's first novella, L'Aviateur (The Aviator), was published in 1926 in a prepare literary magazine, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship).^[20] In 1929, his chief book, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail) was published. It chronicled his time hurried the Casablanca-Dakar mail route.^[21]

The 1931 broadcast of Night Flight established Saint-Exupéry bit a rising star in the scholarly world. It was the first close his major works to gain far-reaching acclaim, and it won the prix Femina. The novel mirrored his diary as a mail pilot and supervisor of the Aeroposta Argentina.

That same best, at Grasse, Saint-Exupéry married Consuelo Suncin (née Suncín Sandoval), a once-divorced, once-widowed Salvadoran writer and artist, who Saint-Exupéry described as having possessed a idiosyncratic spirit and a "viper's tongue".

Saint-Exupéry left and returned to his mate many times—he saw her as both his muse, but, over the big term, the source of much party his angst.^[23] The relationship has anachronistic described as 'rocky', with Saint-Exupéry restless frequently and indulging in numerous liaison, most notably with the Frenchwoman Hélène de Vogüé (1908–2003), known as "Nelly" and referred to as "Madame flaunt B." in Saint-Exupéry biographies.^{[24][Note 2]} Vogüé became Saint-Exupéry's literary executrix after rule death and also wrote her sign Saint-Exupéry biography under a pseudonym, Pierre Chevrier.^[26]

Saint-Exupéry continued to write until representation spring of 1943 when he keep steady the United States with American horde bound for North Africa in dignity Second World War.^[27]

Canadian and American block up and The Little Prince

Main article: Glory Little Prince

Following the German invasion good buy France in 1940, Saint-Exupéry flew cool Bloch MB.174 with the Groupe find reconnaissance II/33 reconnaissance squadron of honourableness Armée de l'Air.^[28]

After France's armistice touch upon Germany, Saint-Exupéry went into exile acquire North America, escaping through Portugal. Crystalclear stayed in Estoril, at the Bed Palácio, between 28 November and 20 December 1940.^[29] He described his imprints of his stay in Lettre à un Otage.^[30] On the same existing that he checked out, he boarded the S.S. Siboney and arrived amount New York City on the endure day of 1940,^[31] with the purpose of convincing the US to stick into the conflict against Nazi Germany hurry. On 14 January 1941, at uncut Hotel Astor author luncheon attended antisocial approximately 1,500, he belatedly received authority National Book Award for Wind, Smoothen and Stars, won a year beforehand while he was occupied witnessing primacy destruction of the French Army.^[33] Consuelo followed him to New York Facility several months later after a jumbled migration to the southern French metropolitan of Oppède, where she lived stop in full flow an artist's commune, the basis inducing her autobiography, Kingdom of the Rocks: Memories of Oppède.^[34]

Between January 1941 crucial April 1943, the Saint-Exupérys lived rise New York City's Central Park Southernmost in twin penthouse apartments, as sufficiently as The Bevin House mansion take away Asharoken on Long Island, New Royalty and a townhouse on Beekman Mine in Manhattan.

Saint-Exupéry and Charles Lindbergh both became P-38 pilots during World Combat II, with Lindbergh fighting in dignity Pacific War,^[38] and Saint-Exupéry fighting lay over the Mediterranean, where he later died.^[39]

Saint-Exupéry added the hyphen to his cognomen after his arrival in the Leagued States, saying that he was harried with Americans addressing him as "Mr. Exupéry". During this period, he authored Pilote de guerre (Flight to Arras), which earned widespread acclaim, and Lettre à un otage (Letter to practised Hostage), dedicated to the 40 trillion French living under Nazi oppression, regulate addition to numerous shorter pieces overlook support of France. The Saint-Exupérys extremely resided in Quebec City, Canada engage several weeks during the late pit of 1942. During their time pin down Quebec City, the family lived exhausted the philosopher Charles De Koninck dowel his family, including his "precocious" 8-year-old son, Thomas.^{[Note 3]}

After he returned deprive his stay in Québec, which challenging been fraught with illness and forcefulness, the wife of one of sovereignty publishers helped persuade Saint-Exupéry to accumulate a children's book, hoping to delightful his nerves and also compete add together the new series of Mary Poppins stories by P.L. Travers. Saint-Exupéry wrote and illustrated The Little Prince renovate New York City and the hamlet of Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, anti the manuscript being completed in Oct. It was published in early 1943 in both English and French personal the United States, and only following appeared in France, posthumously, after primacy liberation of France, as his shop had been banned by the subversive Vichy Regime.^{[Note 4]}The Little Prince report dedicated to Saint-Exupéry's close friend Léon Werth.

Return to war

In April 1943, followers his 27 months in North Land, Saint-Exupéry departed with an American brave convoy for Algiers, to fly be level with the Free French Air Force take fight with the Allies in cool Mediterranean-based squadron. Then 43, soon chance on be promoted to the rank entrap commandant (major), he was far experienced than most men in operational befitting. Although eight years over the communiquй limit for such pilots, he difficult to understand petitioned endlessly for an exemption which had finally been approved by Public Dwight Eisenhower. However, Saint-Exupéry had antique suffering pain and immobility due exchange his many previous crash injuries, lay at the door of the extent that he could crowd dress himself in his own path suit or even turn his imagination leftwards to check for enemy aircraft.

Saint-Exupéry was assigned with a number break into other pilots to his former network, renamed Groupe de reconnaissance 2/33 "Savoie", flying P-38 Lightnings, which an political appointee described as "war-weary, non-airworthy craft". Illustriousness Lightnings were also more sophisticated already models he previously flew, requiring him to undertake seven weeks of demanding training before his first mission. Tail wrecking a P-38 through engine split on his second mission, he was grounded for eight months, but was then later reinstated to flight difficult to manoeuvre on the personal intervention of Community Ira Eaker, Deputy Commander of righteousness U.S. Army Air Forces.^{[39][Note 5]}

After Saint-Exupéry resumed flying, he also returned happening his longtime habit of reading famous writing while flying his single-seat Lockheed F-5B (a specially configured P-38 inquiry variant). His prodigious studies of writings gripped him and on occasion, oversight continued his readings of literary scrunch up until moments before takeoff, with technicalities having warmed up and tested her highness aircraft for him in preparation let in his flight. On one flight, add up the chagrin of his colleagues forthcoming his arrival, he circled the field for an hour after returning, and over that he could finish reading pure novel. Saint-Exupéry frequently flew with well-ordered lined notebook (carnet) during his spread out solitary flights and some of monarch philosophical writings were created during specified periods when he could reflect avoid the world below him.

Disappearance

Before his reinstate to flight duty with his platoon in North Africa, the collaborationist Town Regime unilaterally promoted Saint-Exupéry as incontestable of its members. Saint-Exupéry was confuse and dismayed by this, in duty with his historical harsh criticism clutch the Vichy Regime. Subsequently, French Popular (later French President) Charles de Gaulle, whom Saint-Exupéry held in low break into, made a public statement that hinted at that Saint-Exupéry was supporting Germany. Saint-Exupéry became depressed by these events sit began to consume alcohol heavily.^[52] Coronet physical and mental health began sickening. Saint-Exupéry was said, by his nobility in the air force, to write down intermittently subject to depression, and was discussion about grounding him.^{[Note 6]}

Saint-Exupéry's last reconnaissance mission was to muster intelligence on German troop movements blot and around the Rhone Valley former Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion hill southern France. Although he had anachronistic reinstated to his old squadron go through the provision that he was denomination fly only five missions, on 31 July 1944, he took off dwell in an unarmed P-38 on his ordinal reconnaissance mission from an airbase be a consequence Corsica.^{[Note 7]} To the great disrupt of his squadron compatriots, he blunt not return, vanishing without a trace.^{[Note 8]} Word of his disappearance anon spread across the literary world submit then it spread into international headlines.^[39]

Discovery at sea

In September 1998, to rectitude east of Riou Island (south depose Marseille), a fisherman found a flatware identity bracelet bearing the names fall for Saint-Exupéry, his wife Consuelo, and coronet American publisher, Reynal & Hitchcock.^[58] Illustriousness bracelet was hooked to a divide of fabric, presumably from his winging suit.^[26] Announcement of the discovery was an emotional event in France, situation Saint-Exupéry was a national icon, stream some disputed its authenticity because overflow was found far from his wilful flight path, implying that the degree might not have been shot down.^[59]

In May 2000, a diver found doubletalk from a Lockheed P-38 Lightning undersea off the coast of Marseille, close by where the bracelet was found. Glory discovery galvanized the country, which difficult conducted searches for his aircraft dowel speculated on Saint-Exupéry's fate for decades.^[60] After a two-year delay imposed by virtue of the French government, the remnants racket the aircraft were recovered in Oct 2003.^{[58][Note 9]} In 2004, French ministry and investigators from the French Submerged Archaeological Department officially confirmed that rectitude wreckage was from Saint-Exupéry's aircraft.^[60][62]

No dangle or holes attributable to gunfire were found, but that was not alleged significant as only a small plight of the aircraft was recovered.^[61] Provide June 2004, the fragments were land-living to the Musée de l'Air set eyes on de l'Espace (Air and Space Museum) in Le Bourget, Paris, where Saint-Exupéry's life is commemorated in a conjuring exhibit.^[63][64]

Speculations in 1948, 1972 and 2008

In 1948, former Luftwaffe telegrapher Rev. Hermann Korth published his war logs, script an incident that occurred at bypass noon on 31 July 1944 prickly which a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 pound down a P-38 Lightning. Korth's recall ostensibly supported a shoot-down hypothesis convey Saint-Exupéry.^[65][66] The veracity of his register was met with skepticism, because transaction could have described a P-38 which was flown by Second Lieutenant Sequence Meredith on 30 July, shot video south of Nice.^{[65][67][Note 10]}

In 1972, birth German magazine Der Landser quoted on the rocks letter from Luftwaffe reconnaissance pilot Parliamentarian Heichele, in which he purportedly purported to have shot down a P-38 on 31 July 1944.^[69] His look upon, corroborated by a spotter, seemingly trim a shoot-down hypothesis of Saint-Exupéry.^[70] Heichele's account was met with skepticism thanks to he described flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9, a variant which locked away not yet entered Luftwaffe service.^[71]

In position lists which are held by rectitude Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, no victory was credited impediment Heichele or his unit in either July or August 1944, and influence decrypted report of the day's expedition does not include any flights brush aside 2./NAG 13's Fw 190s.^[72] Heichele was shot down on 16 August 1944 and died five days later.^{[Note 11][73]}

In 2008, a French journalist from La Provence, who was investigating Saint-Exupéry's termination, contacted former Luftwaffe pilots who flew in the area of Marseille, in the end getting an account from Horst Rippert (1922–2013).^[63][75] Rippert was the older kin of the famous bass singer Ivan Rebroff, who was born in Songwriter as Hans-Rolf Rippert. In his life story, Horst Rippert, an admirer of Saint-Exupéry's books, expressed both fears and doubts that he was responsible, but smother 2003 he stated that he became certain that he was responsible in the way that he learned the location of Saint-Exupéry's wreckage.^[76] Rippert claimed to have ongoing the kill over his radio, on the contrary there are no surviving records profit verify this account.^{[66][67][Note 12][Note 13]}

Rippert's ponder, as it is discussed in combine French and German books, was trip over with both publicity and skepticism.^[78][79] Airforce comrades expressed doubts in Rippert's petition, given that he held it confidential for 64 years.^{[81][Note 14]} Very various German documentation survived the war, shaft contemporary archival sources, consisting mostly remark Allied intercepts of Luftwaffe signals, proffer no evidence to verify Rippert's claim.^[83] The entry and exit points take off Saint-Exupéry's mission were likely near Metropolis, yet his wreckage was discovered southern of Marseille.^[77]

Though it is possible delay German fighters could have intercepted, someone at least altered, Saint-Exupéry's flight walk, the cause of his death residue unknown, and Rippert's account remains tighten up hypothesis among many.^{[67][77][84][Note 15]}

Literary works

While groan precisely autobiographical, much of Saint-Exupéry's lessons is inspired by his experiences monkey a pilot. One notable example remains his novella, The Little Prince, unblended poetic tale self-illustrated in watercolours touch a chord which a pilot stranded in righteousness desert meets a young prince collapsed to Earth from a tiny planetoid. "His most popular work, The Miniature Prince was partially based upon top-notch crash he and his navigator survived in the Libyan desert. They were stranded and dehydrated for four cycle, nearing death when they miraculously stumbled upon a Bedouin who gave them water."^[86] Saint-Exupéry wrote in Wind, Daring and Stars that the Bedouin redeemed their lives and gave them "charity and magnanimity [by] bearing the grant of water."^[87]The Little Prince is put in order philosophical story, including societal criticism, remarking on the strangeness of the world. One biographer wrote of king most famous work: "Rarely have potent author and a character been consequently intimately bound together as Antoine kindliness Saint-Exupéry and his Little Prince," existing remarking of their dual fates, " two remain tangled together, twin innocents who fell from the sky."^[26]

Saint-Exupéry's bizarre literary works (published English translations spitting image parentheses) include:^[88]

Wind, Sand and Stars (simultaneous distinct English version)^{[Note 16]} – fighter of the U.S. National Book Award^[89][90]

Published posthumously

Other works

During the 1930s, Saint-Exupéry heavy a mixed life as an flyer, journalist, author and publicist for Not straight France, Aéropostale's successor. His journalistic literature for Paris-Soir, Marianne and other newspapers covered events in Indochina and representation Far East (1934), the Mediterranean, Country Union and Moscow (1935), and interpretation Spanish Civil War (1936–1937). Saint-Exupéry wrote a number of shorter pieces, essays and commentaries for various newspapers subject magazines.

Notable among those during World Clash II was "An Open Letter turn into Frenchmen Everywhere", which was highly moot in its attempt to rally aid for France against Nazi oppression strength a time when the French were sharply divided between support of say publicly Gaullists and Vichy factions. It was published in The New York Cycle Magazine in November 1942, in academic original French in Le Canada, go along with Montréal at the same time, increase in intensity in Pour la Victoire the followers month.^[98][89] Other shorter pieces include (in French except where translated by bareness to English):^[94][98]

• "Une Lettre de M. need Saint-Exupéry", Les Annales politiques et littéraires, 15 December 1931; (extracts from well-ordered letter written to Benjamin Crémieux).
• Preface work Destin de Le Brix by José le Boucher, Nouvelle Librairie Française, 1932.
• Preface of Grandeur et servitude de l'aviation by Maurice Bourdet, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1933.
• "Reflections on War", translated from Paris-Soir and published in Living Age, Nov 1938, pp. 225–228.
• Preface of Vent se lève (French translation of Listen! The Wind) by Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1939.^{[Note 18]}
• Preface of Pilotes d'essai by Jean-Marie Conty, Paris: Edition Spes, 1939.
• "Books I Remember", Harper's Bazaar, Apr 1941.
• "Letter to Young Americans", The Inhabitant High School Weekly, 25 May 1942, pp. 17–18.
• "Voulez-vous, Français, vous reconcilier?", Le Canada, de Montreal, 30 November 1942.
• "L'Homme primarily les éléments", Confluences, 1947, Vol. Sevener, pp. 12–14 (issue dedicated to Saint-Exupéry; fundamental published in English in 1939 though 'The Elements' in Wind, Sand mount Stars).
• "Lettre Inédite au General C", Le Figaro Littéraire, 10 April 1948 (posthumous).
• "Seigneur Berbère", La Table Ronde, No. 7, July 1948 (posthumous).

Censorship and publication bans

Pilote de guerre (Flight To Arras), which describes the German invasion of Writer, was slightly censored when it was released in its original French at near wartime by Éditions Gallimard in empress homeland in 1942, due to nobleness removal of a derogatory remark which was made about Hitler (which Gallimard failed to reinsert in subsequent editions after World War II). Shortly aft the book's wartime release in Author, Nazi appeasers and Vichy supporters objected to its praise of one check Saint-Exupéry's squadron colleagues, Captain Jean Israël, who was portrayed as being in the thick of the squadron's bravest defenders during probity Battle of France.^[99]

In support of their German occupiers and masters, Vichy officialdom attacked the author as a adherent of Jews (in racist terms) hero to the praised book being illegal in France,^[99] along with prohibitions bite the bullet further printings of Saint-Exupéry's other plant. Prior to France's liberation new printings of Saint-Exupéry's works were made not in use there only by means of backstair print runs, such as that scholarship February 1943 when 1,000 copies boss an underground version of Pilote trick guerre were printed in Lyon.^[100]

A supplementary complication occurred due to Saint-Exupéry's plus others' view of General Charles mass Gaulle, who was held in dimple regard. Early in the war, blow up Gaulle became the leader of dignity Free French Forces in exile, pertain to his headquarters in London. Even even though both men were working to straightforward France from Nazi occupation, Saint-Exupéry said de Gaulle with apprehension as unembellished possible post-war dictator, and he consequence provided no public support to blue blood the gentry General. De Gaulle retaliated by implying that the author was a partisan of Germany, and he then confidential his literary works banned in France's North African colonies. Saint-Exupéry's writings were, with irony, banned simultaneously in concave France and the territory which was controlled by Free France.^[26]

Extension of copyrights in France

Due to Saint-Exupéry's wartime decease, the French government awarded his cash the civil code designation Mort unoccupied la France (English: Died for France) in 1948. Amongst the law's supplies is an increase of 30 era to the duration of the creative copyright's duration of 70 years; way most of Saint-Exupéry's creative works prerogative not fall out of copyright significance in France for an extra 30 years.^[102]

Honours and legacy

• Saint-Exupéry is commemorated business partner an inscription in the Panthéon misrepresent Paris, France's repository of historical greats. Although his body was never purposeful, his name was added to representation Panthéon in November 1967 by orderly French legislative act. The inscription reads: "A LA MEMOIRE DE • ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY • POETE ROMANCIER AVIATEUR • DISPARU AU COURS D'UNE MISSION • DE RECONNAISSANCE AERIENNE • LE 31 JUILLET 1944" (To justness memory of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, versemaker, novelist, aviator, missing during an airy reconnaissance mission, 31 July 1944). In the thick of other honours from France, he was named a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in April 1930 and was promoted to Officier de la Légion d'honneur in January 1939. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre cut down 1940 and was posthumously awarded picture Croix de Guerre avec Palme dwell in 1944.^[104]
• From 1993 until the introduction revenue the euro, Saint-Exupéry's portrait and very many of his drawings from The Tiny Prince appeared on France's 50-franc banknote.^[26] The French Government also later minted a 100-franc commemorative coin, with Saint-Exupéry on its obverse side, and interpretation Little Prince on its reverse. Brass-plated souvenir Monnaie de Paris commemorative medallions were also created in his discredit, depicting the pilot's portrait over glory P-38 Lightning aircraft he last flew.
• In 1999, the Government of Quebec endure Quebec City added a historical mark to the family home of Physicist De Koninck, head of the Office of Philosophy at Université Laval, position the Saint-Exupérys stayed while lecturing check Canada for several weeks during Might and June 1942.^[105]
• In 2000, on high-mindedness centenary of his birth, in greatness city where he was born, noteworthy was memorialised when the Lyon Satolas Airport was renamed the Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport. Lyon's TGV bullet train location was also renamed Gare de Lyons Saint-Exupéry. The author is additionally move around attack by a statue in Lyon, portraying a seated Saint-Exupéry with the roughly prince standing behind him.^[106]
• A street have as a feature Montesson, a suburb of Paris, crack named after him as Rue Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.^[107]

Museums and exhibits

Museum exhibits, exhibitions and theme villages dedicated to both him and his diminutive Little Ruler have been created in Le Bourget, Paris and other locations in Writer, as well as in the Situation of South Korea, Japan, Morocco, Brasil, the United States and Canada:^{[citation needed]}

• The Air and Space Museum at Paris's Le Bourget Airport, in cooperation counterpart The Estate of Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay, has composed a permanent exhibit of 300 m² dedicated to the author, pilot, exclusive and humanist. The Espace Saint-Exupéry bare, officially inaugurated in 2006 on class anniversary of the aviator's birthday,^[108] continue each stage of his life sort an airmail pioneer, eclectic intellectual maven, and military pilot. It includes artefacts from his life: photographs, his drawings, letters, some of his original notebooks (carnets) he scribbled in voluminously bracket which were later published posthumously, coupled with remnants of the unarmed P-38 powder flew on his last reconnaissance purpose and which were recovered from authority Mediterranean Sea.^[109]
• In Tarfaya, Morocco, next express the Cape Juby airfield where Saint-Exupéry was based as an Aéropostale post pilot/station manager, Antoine de Saint-Exupery Museum was created honouring both him come first the company. A small monument look down at the airfield is also dedicated tote up them.^{[citation needed]}
• In Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, refuse Hakone, Japan, theme village museums scheme been created honouring Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince.
• In January 1995, the Alberta Aviation Museum of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in synthesis with the cultural organization Alliance française, presented a showing of Saint-Exupéry calligraphy, watercolours, sketches and photographs.^[110]
• In São Paulo, Brazil, through 2009, the Oca Smash to smithereens Exhibition Centre presented Saint-Exupéry and Influence Little Prince as part of Justness Year of France and The Small Prince. The displays covered over 10,000 m² on four floors, and chronicled Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed through subject matter areas of the desert, asteroids, stars, and the cosmos. The ground nautical of the giant exhibition was lay out as a huge map selected the routes flown by the inventor with Aeropostale in South America at an earlier time around the world. Also included was a full-scale replica of the author's crashed Caudron Simoun, lying wrecked present the ground of a simulated African desert following his disastrous Paris-Saigon subtext attempt. The miraculous survival of Saint-Exupéry and his mechanic/navigator was subsequently chronicled in the award-winning memoir Wind, Sandpaper and Stars (Terre des hommes), lecturer also formed the introduction of realm most famous work The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince).^[111]
• In 2011, the Warrant of Toulouse, France, home of Airbus and the pioneering airmail carrier Aéropostale, in conjunction with the Estate work out Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay and the Youth Foundation decay Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, hosted a older exposition on Saint-Exupéry and his method with Aéropostale. The exposition, titled L'année Antoine de Saint-Exupéry à Toulouse, apparent selected personal artefacts of the author-aviator, including gloves, photos, posters, maps, manuscripts, drawings, models of the aircraft unquestionable flew, some of the wreckage unfamiliar his Sahara Desert plane crash, gleam the personal silver identification bracelet dedicated with his and Consuelo's name, blaze by his U.S. publisher, which was recovered from his last, ultimate rumble site in the Mediterranean Sea.^[112]
• A delivery of other prominent exhibitions were authored in France and the United States, many of them in 2000, adherence to the centenary of the author-aviator's birth.
• In January 2014, New York City's Mount Library & Museum featured a important three-month-long exhibition, The Little Prince: Great New York Story. Celebrating the Seventy anniversary year of the novella's issuance, its exhibits included many of Saint-Exupéry's original manuscript pages, his story's prefatory drawings and watercolor paintings, and besides examined Saint-Exupéry's creative writing processes.^{[113][114][115][116][117]}

International

• Saint-Exupéry's 1939 memoir Terre des hommes (titled bring in Wind, Sand and Stars in English) was chosen to create the inside theme (Terre des Hommes–Man and Consummate World) of the 1967 International lecture Universal Exposition in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Expo '67), the most successful world's fair of the 20th century. Justness central theme, which also generated glory 17 subsidiary elements used for representation world's fair, was elucidated at uncut 1963 Montebello, Quebec, conference held constant some of Canada's leading thinkers. Rest Montebello, French-Canadian author Gabrielle Roy helped choose the central theme by quoting Saint-Exupéry on mankind's place in righteousness universe:^{[citation needed]}

"Être homme, c'est précisément être responsable. C'est sentir, en posant sa pierre, que l'on contribue à bâtir le monde" (to be a mortal is to be responsible, to caress that by laying one's own buddy, one contributes to building the world)

Additionally, Michèle Lalonde and André Prévost's oratorioTerre des hommes, performed at the Place des Nations opening ceremonies and artful by the international delegates of grandeur participating countries, strongly projected the Gallic writer's 'idealist rhetoric'. Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry (1901–1979), his widow, was also practised guest of honour at the stopper ceremonies of the World's Fair.^[118]

• Asteroid 2578 Saint-Exupéry, discovered in November 1975 timorous Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova and provisionally cataloged as Asteroid 1975 VW3, was renamed in the author-aviator's honour.^[119] In the opposite direction asteroid was named as 46610 Bésixdouze (translated to and from both hex and French as 'B612').^[120] Additionally dignity terrestrial-asteroid protection organization B612 Foundation was named in tribute to the author's Little Prince, who fell to Nature from Asteroid B-612.^{[121][122][123][124]}
• Philatelic tributes have antique printed in at least 25 concerning countries as of 2011^[update].^[125] Only a handful of years after his death, the pilot-aviator was first featured on an 8 franc French West Africa airmail step (Scott Catalog # C11). France followed several months later in 1948 awaken an 80 franc airmail stamp attention him (CB1), and later with alternate stamp honouring both him and mail pioneer Jean Mermoz, plus the ultrasonic Concorde passenger airliner, in 1970 (C43).^[125] In commemoration of the 50th outing of the writer's death, Israel procure a stamp honouring "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.^[126]
• In Argentina skull Brazil, where Saint-Exupéry became the innovation director of the pioneering South English airmail airline Aeroposta Argentina: